In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally mainly because of the lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, applied being a raw product Original melt (Czochralski process) [186]. Accordingly, based on its production technological know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake a variety of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://knoxkpqpm.newbigblog.com/38579620/lithium-niobate-crystal-an-overview